There are three types of explanations for this decline. The first of these emphasizes external factors, like the Mongol invasion in 1258 …
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Many scholars maintain that there has been a decline in Islamic philosophical-scientific production after Islam’s “Golden Age”, lasting until the modern age. In fact, the term “Golden Age” implies a peak in development …
In Western Europe, the states which emerged after the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West were backward with regard to scientific and philosophical inquiry …