Many scholars maintain that there has been a decline in Islamic philosophical-scientific production after Islam’s “Golden Age”, lasting until the modern age. In fact, the term “Golden Age” implies a peak in development …

In Western Europe, the states which emerged after the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West were backward with regard to scientific and philosophical inquiry …

Within about 150 years after the initial Islamic conquests, during the Abbasid caliphate (750–1258), Islamic countries became world leaders in scientific inquiry.